Perfluorononanoic acids (PFNAs)

Perfluorononanoic acids (PFNAs) are a known group of synthetic chemicals belonging to the broader class of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) which have garnered attention due to their persistence in the environment and potential health concerns. PFNAs are a part of the PFAS family, which are characterized by long carbon-fluorine chains, for example specifically, PFNAs having nine carbon atoms in their chain. PFNAs, like other PFAS compounds, have been used in various industrial and consumer products, such as firefighting foams, water and grease resistant coatings on clothing, cookware and food packaging, as well as in certain industrial processes. Being highly resistant to degradation, both in the environment and in the human body, this has raised concerns about their long-term impact, as studies have suggested potential adverse health effect, including associations with developmental effects, liver toxicity, and immune system interference.  Regulatory agencies in various countries have set guidelines or standards for PFAS compounds, including PFNAs, in drinking water, which are often based on the potential health risks associated with exposure to these chemicals.