Chromium

Chromium is a naturally occurring metal that can be typically found in water sources, generally in two different forms, trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). Trivalent chromium is considered an essential nutrient in small amounts, while hexavalent chromium is known to be toxic and potentially harmful to human health. Hexavalent chromium enters water sources through industrial discharges, improper waste disposal, or natural processes. Prolonged exposure to high levels of hexavalent chromium through drinking water has been associated with various health risks, such as increased risk of lung cancer, respiratory problems, liver damage, and reproductive issues. Appropriate treatment methods and measures should be employed to address chromium contamination in water such as reducing hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium, which is less toxic, by chemical or biological processes. Agents like ferrous sulfate or activated carbon filters with reducing or removal properties can be used for this conversion. Reverse osmosis systems, as the RO membranes have fine pores that can block and inhibit chromium particles. ion exchange resins by removing chromium form water by exchanging chromium ions with less harmful ions, such a sulfate and chloride, which is effective in the reduction of trivalent and hexavalent chromium. 

Using coagulation methods with chemicals such as ferric chloride and aluminium sulfate, followed by sedimentation, can help remove or reduce chromium particles from water, which is generally a process that is part of a larger water treatment system. To regulate and ensure safety in water sources, regular testing, especially in areas with potential chromium contamination sources.