Endotoxins

Endotoxins are a type of bacterial toxin that’s known presence is in the outer membrane of certain Gram-negative bacteria which are released when the bacteria are disrupted or killed, and they can be found in various environments, including water sources. Endotoxins are composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and can cause adverse effects on human health and wellbeing, if there enter the body through drinking or aerosolized particles. The presence of endotoxins in water can have various implications such as health concerns, which trigger inflammatory responses in humans and animals. Over exposure of high levels either through ingestion or contaminated water can lead to symptoms such as fever, respiratory distress, and general discomfort. Endotoxins also contribute to the formation and stability of biofilms in water distribution systems and other water related infrastructure. Biofilms are slimy bacterial communities that adhere to surfaces, and they can lead to issues such as reduced water flow, increased corrosion, and decrease disinfection efficiency. Certain treatments to address contamination in water can involve proper sanitation practices, maintenance of water infrastructure and effective disinfection measures such as filtrations and oxidation methods to help reduce or remove the levels of endotoxins in water. Microfiltration and ultrafiltration can physically remove bacteria and associated endotoxins, including regularly cleaning and flushing of water systems, cooling towers and other water related equipment to prevent biofilms and the release of endotoxins.